一、 过去完成时的构成

过去完成时由"had +动词的过去分词"构成，had用于各种人称和数。

肯定句：主语+had+动词的过去分词+其他.

否定句：主语+hadn"t(had not)+动词的过去分词+其他.

一般疑问句：Had+主语+动词的过去分词+其他？

肯定回答：Yes, 主语+had.

否定回答：No, 主语+hadn"t.

如：

She had arrived at the village before 8 o"clock last night. 昨晚8点之前她已到达这个村庄。

�;Had he told you to go there earlier yet?

他告诉了你早点儿到那儿吗？

�;Yes, he had. / No, he hadn"t.

是的，他告诉了。/ 不，他没有。

二、 过去完成时的用法

1. 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即"过去的过去"。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。如：

By the time she got the letter, he had been in Canada.

等她收到那封信的时候，他已经在加拿大了。

We had reached the top of the mountain before midnight.

在半夜之前我们已经登上了山顶。

When I arrived at the post office, I found that I had left the letter at home.

当我到达邮局时，我发现信忘在家里了。

[友情提示] 如果时间状语从句中的动作发生在主句之前，则从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。如：

After I had finished reading the novel, I went to bed. 我读完了这部小说之后，才上床睡觉。

2. 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态。常与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。如：

She had nursed her father in the hospital since she came back.

她自从回来以后就一直在医院照顾她的父亲。

Mr Smith had taught in Europe for 15 years before he went to Australia.

史密斯先生在去澳大利亚之前已经在欧洲教了15年学。

3. 过去完成时常用于told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后面的宾语从句中，表示从句的动作或状态发生在主句的动作之前。如：

He told me that he had heard of the good news. 他告诉我说他已经听说了那条好消息。

三、 过去完成时与一般过去时的区别

过去完成时和一般过去时都可指动作发生在过去，但过去完成时强调动作相对于过去某一时刻已经完成；而一般过去时则强调动作发生在过去某一时间或表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作。如：

We had learned two English songs by the end of last term.

到上个学期末为止，我们已经学了两首英文歌曲了。

We learned two English songs last term.

上个学期我们学了两首英文歌曲。

四、 过去完成时与现在完成时的区别

现在完成时的动作是发生在现在某一时间或动作之前，而过去完成时的动作是发生在过去某一时间或动作之前。如：

I have known him for three years.

我认识他三年了。

I had known him before I was a student.

我在上学之前就已经认识他了。

[跟踪练习] 根据句意，用括号内所给动词的适当时态填空。

1. By the time she was ten, she　　　　 (win) a gold medal in swimming.

2. �;I have bought you the books you want.

�Oh，good，I was afraid you　　　　　 （forget）.

3. By the time I got home, my favorite sports show

(start).

4. The bus　　　　　　　 (leave) when I arrived at the bus stop.

5. The little girl　　　　　 (stay) in bed for almost a month since she fell sick.

Key:

1. had won 2. had forgotten 3. had started 4. had left 5. had stayed